Konsep-konsep Sosiologi Pengetahuan dan Pendidikan Mannheim
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69896/modeling.v9i3.2483Keywords:
Concept, Sociology of Knowledge, EducationAbstract
Ada satu masalah yang menjadi pusat perhatian Mannheim di sepanjang kariernya; dan ini melibatkan sifat makna. Ketika Mannheim mengajukan pertanyaan utama tentang sosiologi pengetahuan, yaitu “How men actually think?" Bagi Mannheim, diagnosis sosial merupakan metode untuk menentukan dalam kondisi apa individu, kelompok, atau masyarakat hidup: (a) tanpa makna, atau (b) dengan makna yang khas pada masanya. Untuk memahami hubungan antara nilai-nilai sosial, epistemologi, sosiologi pengetahuan, diagnosis sosial, sosiologi politik, dan sosiologi pendidikan Mannheim, perlu kiranya dipahami konsep-konsep teorinya. Karena itulah, berikut ini akan dielaborasi konsep-konsep sosiologi pengetahuan dan pendidikan Mannheim. Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian library research dengan menggunakan pisau analisis deskriptif analisis. Prosedur dasarnya adalah mengevaluasi karya-karya Mannheim dan membedakan antara posisi dan asumsi dasarnya dalam bidang nilai, epistemologi, sosiologi pengetahuan, diagnosis sosial, sosiologi politik, dan sosiologi pendidikan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep-konsep Sosiologi Pengetahuan Dan Pendidikan Karl Mannheim adalah: 1. Masyarakat yang terdiri dari struktur, budaya, dan keperibadian (Society as constituted of structure, culture, and personality), 2. Interpretasi (Interpretation), 3. Pengetahuan (Knowledge), 4. Pemikiran Ideologis dan Utopis (Ideological and Utopian Thinking), 5. Utopia, 6. Pemikiran yang Realistis atau Sesuai dengan Situasi (realistic or situationally congruous thought), 7. Intelektual yang Relatif Tidak Terikat Secara Sosial (The Relatively socially-unattached Intellectual), 8. Kebebasan (Freedom), 9. Pendidikan (Education), dan 10. Diagnosis Sosial (Social Diagnosis). Karya Mannheim sangat penting untuk menghubungkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan nilai tentang orang dan masyarakat seperti pertanyaan-pertanyaan diagnostik sosial tentang sifat realitas dan ide-ide kita tentang realitas. Juga, jembatan antara kita ingin menjadi seperti apa, dan menjadi seperti apa, perlu dibangun di atas sistem pendidikan yang kita rancang. Ada banyak hal yang dapat dipelajari dari kodifikasi pandangan Mannheim tentang isu-isu ini.
Abstract
There is one issue that has been at the center of Mannheim's attention throughout his career; and this involves the nature of meaning. When Mannheim posed the central question of the sociology of knowledge, namely "How do men actually think?" For Mannheim, social diagnosis was a method for determining under what conditions individuals, groups, or societies live: (a) without meaning, or (b) with meaning unique to their time. To understand the relationship between Mannheim's social values, epistemology, sociology of knowledge, social diagnosis, political sociology, and sociology of education, it is necessary to understand his theoretical concepts. Therefore, the following will elaborate on the concepts of Mannheim's sociology of knowledge and education. This research is a type of library research using descriptive analysis. The basic procedure is to evaluate Mannheim's works and distinguish between his basic positions and assumptions in the fields of value, epistemology, sociology of knowledge, social diagnosis, political sociology, and sociology of education.
The results show that Karl Mannheim's concepts of Sociology of Knowledge and Education are: 1. Society as constituted of structure, culture, and personality, 2. Interpretation, 3. Knowledge, 4. Ideological and Utopian Thinking, 5. Utopia, 6. Realistic or situationally congruous thought, 7. The Relatively socially-unattached Intellectual, 8. Freedom, 9. Education, and 10. Social Diagnosis. Mannheim's work is crucial for connecting value questions about people and society as well as social diagnostic questions about the nature of reality and our ideas about reality. Also, the bridge between what we want to be, and what we want to become, needs to be built on the education system we design. There is much to be learned from Mannheim's codification of views on these issues.
Downloads
References
Goldner, Alvin. The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, New York, Basic Books, 1970.
Kroeber, A.L. dan Talcott Parsons, "The concepts of Culture and of Social System," American Sociological Review, Vol. 23, No. 5, Oktober, 1958, hal. 582-583.
Lee, Alfred McLung. Toward a Humanist Sociology, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 1973.
Mannheim, Ernest. "Karl Mannheim: In Memoriam," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 52, hal. 471-474.
Mannheim, Karl. “Adult education ,and the social sciences," Tutors' Bulletin of Adult Education, seri ke-2, No. 20, Februari 1938, hal. 27-34.
Mannheim, Karl, dan Stewart, W. An Introduction to the Sociology of Education. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1962.
Mannheim, Karl. "Democratic Planning and the New Science of Society," This Changing World. Disunting oleh J.R.M. Brumwell, London: George Routledge and Sons, 1945.
Mannheim, Karl. Diagnosis of Our Time. New York: Oxford University Press, 1944.
Mannheim, Karl. Essays on Sociology and Social Psychology. Diedit oleh Paul Kecskemeti. New York: Oxford University Press, 1953.
Mannheim, Karl. Essays on The Sociology of Culture. Diedit oleh A. Lowe. New York: Oxford University Press, 1950.
Mannheim, Karl. Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. Diedit oleh Paul Kecskemeti. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd, 1952.
Mannheim, Karl. Freedom, Power and Democratic Planning. Diedit oleh Hans Gerth dan Ernest K. Branstedt. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd, 1951; New York: Oxford University Press, 1950.
Mannheim, Karl. "German Sociology (1919...:1933)," Politica, 1, Februari 1934, hal. 12-33.
Mannheim, Karl. Ideology and Utopia. Diterjemahkan oleh Louis Wirth dan Edward Shils, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co, 1936.
Mannheim, Karl. Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction: Studies in Modern Social Structure (Diterjemahkan oleh Edward Shils), London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1940.
Mannheim, Karl. Rational and Irrational Elements in Contemporary Society, London: Humphry Milford, 1934. (L.T. Hobhouse Memorial Trust Lecture, No. 4, Disampaikan pada tanggal 7 Maret 1934, di Bedford College for Women).
Mannheim, Karl. Systematic Sociology: An Introduction to the Study of Society (ed. oleh J.S. Eros dan W.A.C. Stewart), London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Mannheim, Karl. "The Crisis of Culture in the Era of Mass-Democracies and Autarchies," The Sociological Review, XXVI, April 1934, (Kuliah umum yang disampaikan dengan judul The Social Causes of Cultural Decline," London School of Economics, 29 Januari 1934).
Mannheim, Karl. "The Function of the Refugee," New English Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 1, 19 April 1945, hal. 5-6.
Mannheim, Karl. "The Meaning of Popularization in Mass Society," The Christian News-Letter, Suplemen No. 227, 7 Februari 1945.
Mannheim, Karl. "The Place of Sociology." In Conferences on the Social Sciences: Their Relations in Theory and Teaching, London, 1936.
Mannheim, Karl. ''Utopia," Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Disunting oleh Edwin R. A. Selitman. XV, 1935, hal. 201.
Remmling, Gunter W. "Karl Mannheim: revision of an intellectual portrait," Social Forces, Vol. 40, No. 1, Oktober 1961, hal. 23-30.
Remmling, Gunter W. "Philosophical parameters of Karl Mannheim’s Sociology of Knowledge", Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4, Autumn, 1971, hal. 531-547.
Remmling, Gunter W. Road to Suspicion: A Study of Modern Mentality and the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Appelton-Century Crofts, 1967.
Ringer, Fritz. The Decline of the German Mandarins. Cambridge: 1969.
Shils, Edward. "Karl Mannheim." The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 9.
Stewart, William A.C. Karl Mannheim on Education and Social Thought. London: Harrap, 1967.
Wallwork, Ernest, Durkheim: Morality and Milieu, Harvard University Press, 1972.
Watkins, J.W.N. "Massification," Review of Essays on the Sociology of Culture, oleh Karl Mannheim. Spectator, 24 Agustus 1956, 197, hal. 258.
Wrong, Dennis. "The Over socialized Conception of Man in Modern Society," ASR, Vol. 26, No. 2, April 1961, hal. 183-192.
