Antara ‘Multikulturalisme’ dan Pendidikan Multikultural (Sebuah Autokritik)

  • Purwanto Purwanto
Kata kunci: Multiculturalism, Multicultural Education, Oppositional, Dominant, Liberal, Mainstream

Abstrak

Multikulturalisme adalah disiplin yang rumit dan kontroversial yang mencakup berbagai kebijakan dan praktik. tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk mengeksplorasi dasar-dasar teoritis multikulturalisme dan pendidikan multikultural dalam masyarakat yang secara budaya beragam, liberal, dan demokratis. Penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian library research dengan menggunakan pisau analisis deskriptif analisis.

Hasil penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, multikulturalisme dapat dipahami sebagai ‘sebuah nilai dan prinsip politik yang bertujuan untuk mempromosikan koeksistensi yang damai dan bermakna antara kelompok-kelompok yang berbeda secara budaya dengan melindungi warisan budaya dan identitas masyarakat. Kedua, ada empat jenis multikulturalisme, iaitu: oposisi (oppositional), dominan (dominant), liberal (liberal), dan ‘multikulturalisme mainstream’ (mainstream multiculturalism). Penulis akan menunjukkan bahwa ‘multikulturalisme mainstream’ bisa dan semestinya diterapkan. Argumen utamanya bahwa ‘multikulturalisme mainstream’ tidak mendukung identitas budaya yang terpisah, nasionalisme budaya, atau determinisme budaya seperti yang diklaim oleh banyak pengkritik multikulturalisme.

Abstract

Multiculturalism is a complex and controversial discipline that encompasses a wide range of policies and practices. This paper is intended to explore the theoretical foundations of multiculturalism and multicultural education in a culturally diverse, liberal, and democratic society. This research is a type of library research using a descriptive analytical analysis knife.

The results of this research are: First, multiculturalism can be understood as 'a political value and principle that aims to promote peaceful and meaningful coexistence between culturally different groups by protecting the cultural heritage and identity of society. Second, there are four types of multiculturalism, namely: oppositional, dominant, liberal, and 'mainstream multiculturalism'. The author will show that 'mainstream multiculturalism' can and should be applied. The main argument is that 'mainstream multiculturalism' does not support separate cultural identities, cultural nationalism, or cultural determinism as many critics of multiculturalism claim.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Referensi

An-Na'im, A. A. (1992). Toward a cross-cultural approach to defining international standards of human rights: The meaning of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. In A.A. An-Na'im (Ed.), Human rights in cross-cultural perspectives: A quest for consensus (pp. 19-43). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Appiah, K.A. (1994b). Identity against culture: Understandings of multiculturalism. (Vol. 1). Berkeley, CA: The Regents of the University of California.
Asimov, N. (1998, March 21). S.F. high schools to get diverse authors list [Online].
Banks, J.A. (1994). Multiethnic education: Theory and practice. (Third ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Beck, C.M. (1990). Better schools: a values perspective. London & New York: Falmer Press.
Bissondath, N. (1994). Selling illusions: The cult of multiculturalism in Canada. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books.
Bromwich, D. (1995). Culturalism, the euthanasia of liberalism. Dissent, (Winter) 89-102.
Burtonwood, N. (1986). The culture concept in educational studies. Berkshire, UK: The NGER-NELSON Publishing Company.
Chretien, J. (1997). Introduction. Annual report on the operation of the Canadian Multiculturalism Act. Ottawa: Department of Canadian Heritage
Commission on Multicultural Education. (1973). No one model American. Journal of Teacher Education, 24(Winter), 264-265.
Cummins, J. (1996a). Negotiating identities: Education for empowerment in a diverse society. Ontario, California: California Association for Bilingual Education.
Cummins, J. (1996b). Foreword, Affirming diversity: Sociopolitical context of multicultural education (pp. xv-xvii). New York: Longman.
Edwards, J. (1992). Multiculturalism and multicultural education in contemporary context. Canadian Ethnic Studies, XXXIV(3), 23-34.
Eldering, L. (1996). Multiculturalism and multicultural education in an international perspective. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 27(3), 315-330.
Feinberg, W. (1995). Liberalism and the aims of multicultural education. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 29(2), 203-216.
Feinberg, W. (1996). The goals of multicultural education: A critical re-evaluation [Online].
Fierlbeck, K. (1996). The ambivalent potential of cultural identity. Canadian Journal of Political Science, XXIX(1), 3-22.
Fraser, N. (1998). From redistribution to recognition? Dilemmas of justice in a "post-socialist" age. In C. Willett (Ed.), Theorizing multiculturalism: A guide to the current debate. Malden, MA & Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Fullinwider, R.K. (1996). Multicultural education: concepts, policies, and controversies. In R.K. Fullinwider (Ed.), Public education in a multicultural society: Policy, theory, critique (pp. 3-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gairdner, W.D. (1990). The trouble with Canada. Toronto, Canada: Stoddart.
Gibson, M.A. (1976). Approaches to multicultural education in the United States: Some concepts and assumptions. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 7(4), 7-18.
Gibson, M.A. (1991). Minorities and schooling: Some implications. In M.A. Gibson & J.U. Ogbu (Eds.), Minority status and schooling: A comparative study of immigrant and involuntary minorities (pp. 357-381). New York: Garland Publishing.
Goldberg, D.T. (1994). Introduction: Multicultural conditions. In D.T. Goldberg (Ed.), Multiculturalism: A critical reader (pp. 1-44), Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.
Gollnick, D.M., Klassen, F. H., and Yff, J. (1976). Multicultural education and ethnic studies in the United States: An analysis and annotated bibliography of selected ERIC documents. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education.
Gordon, M.M. (1964). Assimilation in American life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Guthrie, J. (1998, March 10). S.F. board of education ready to require that up to 70% of students' required reading be by people of color [Online].
Gutmann, A. (1994). Introduction. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Herzog, P.J. (1993). Japan's pseudo-democracy. New York: New York University Press.
Hoffman, D.M. (1996). Culture and self in multicultural education: Reflections on discourse, text, and practice. American Educational Research Journal, 33(3), 545-569.
Ishida, T., & Krauss, E.S. (1989). Democracy in Japan: Issues and questions. In T. Ishida & E. S. Krauss (Eds.), Democracy in Japan (pp. 3-16). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Kukathas, C. (1992). Are there any cultural rights? Political Theory, 20(1), 105-139.
Kymlicka, W. (1989). Liberalism, community and culture. Oxford, England & New York: Oxford University Press.
Kymlicka, W. (1995). Multicultural citizenship. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
Kymlicka, W. (1998). Finding our way: Rethinking ethnocultural relations in Canada. Don Mills, Canada: Oxford University Press.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995a). But that's just good teaching! The case for culturally relevant pedagogy. Theory into Practice, 34(3), 159-165.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1995b). Toward a theory of culturally relevant pedagogy. American Educational Research Journal, 32(3), 465-491.
Macedo, S. (1995). Liberal civic education and religious fundamentalism: The case of God v. John Rawls? Ethics, 105, 468-496.
Maina, F. (1997). Culturally relevant pedagogy: First Nations education in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, XV/1(2), 293-314.
Martin, S.P. (1993). The problem of multicultural education: Background, definitions and future agenda. Multicultural Education Journal, 11, 9-20.
McCabe, C. (1986). Broken English. Critical Quarterly, 28 (1&2), 3-14.
McCarthy, C. (1994). Multicultural discourses and curriculum reform: A critical perspective. Educational Theory, 44(1), 81-98.
McLaren, P. (1993). White terror and oppositional agency: Towards a critical multiculturalism. Strategies, 7, 99-131.
McLaren, P. (1995). Critical pedagogy and predatory culture: Oppositional politics in a postmodern era. London and New York: Routledge.
McLaren, P., & Lankshear, C. (1994). Politics of liberation: paths from Freire. London & New York: Routledge.
McLaren, P., & Leonard, p. (1993). Paulo Freire: a critical encounter. London & New York: Routledge.
McLaughlin, T.H. (1992). The ethics of separate schools. In M. Leicester & M. Taylor (Eds.), Ethics, ethnicity, and education. London: Kogan Page Limited.
McRoberts, K. (1997). Misconceiving Canada: The struggle for national unity. Toronto, Canada: Oxford University Press.
Michalski, C. (1977). Teacher education for a multicultural society: Some global trends and the Ontario Ministry of Education position. In V. D'Oyley (Ed.), The impact of multi-ethnicity on Canadian education. Toronto, Canada: The Urban Alliance on Race Relations.
Mill, J.S. (1956). On liberty. C.V. Shields (Ed.). New York: The Liberal Arts Press.
Mullard, C. (1982). Multiracial education in Britain: From assimilation to cultural pluralism. In J. Tierney (Ed.), Race, migration and schooling. London: Halt.
Mullard, C. (1984). Anti-racist education. The three 'o's. National Association for Multiracial Education.
Ng, R. (1995). Multiculturalism as ideology: A textual analysis. In M. Campbell & A. Manicom (Ed.), Knowledge, experience, and ruling relations: Studies in the social organization of knowledge (pp. 35-48). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
Nieto, S. (1996). Affirming diversity: The sociopolitical context of multicultural education. (2 ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.
Olneck, M. (1990). The recurring dream: Symbolism and ideology in intercultural and multicultural education. American Journal of Education, 98(2), 147-74.
Osborne, A.B. (1996). Practice into theory into practice: Culturally relevant pedagogy for students we have marginalized and normalized. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 27(3), 285-314.
Poole, R. (1996). National identity, multiculturalism, and Aboriginal rights: An Australian perspective. In J. Couture, K. Nielsen, & M. Seymour (Eds.), Rethinking nationalism (Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume 22) (Vol. 22, pp. 407- 438). Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Press.
Pratte, R. (1983). Multicultural education: Four normative arguments. Educational Theory, 33, 21-32.
Redfield, R. (1956). Peasant society and culture: An anthropological approach to civilization. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Rezai-Rashti, G. (1995). Multicultural education, anti-racist education, and critical pedagogy: Reflections on everyday practice. In R. Ng, p. Staton, & J. Scane (Eds.), Anti­racism, feminism; and critical approaches to education (pp. 3-19). Toronto, Canada: OISE Press.
Rorty, A.O. (1994). The hidden politics of cultural identification. Political Theory, 22(1), 152-166.
Sakai, N. (1996). Shizan sareru Nihongo/Nihon jin [Stillborn Japanese language and people: The historic-geopolitical location of "Japan"]. Tokyo: Shinyo sha.
Samuda, R.J. (1989). Multiculturalism: Perspectives and challenges, Assessment and placement of minority students (pp. 5-14). Toronto, Canada: C.J. Hogrefe.
Schierup, C.-U. (1997). Multiculturalism and universalism in the United States and EU-Europe. In H.-R. Wicker (Ed.), Rethinking nationalism and ethnicity: The struggle for meaning and order in Europe (pp. 111-126). Oxford, England & New York: Berg.
Schlesinger, A.M. (1998). The disuniting of America: Reflections on a multicultural society. (Revised and Enlarged ed.). New York & London: W.W. Norton & Company.
Sleeter, C. E., & Grant, C.A. (1987). An analysis of multicultural education in the United States. Harvard Educational Review, 57(4), 421-444.
Suzuki, B.H. (1984). Curriculum transformation for multicultural education. Education and Urban Society, 16(3), 294-322.
Taylor, C. (1991). The malaise of modernity. Concord, Canada: House of Anansi Press Limited.
Taylor, C. (1994). The politics of recognition. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition (pp. 25-73). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Teson, F.R. (1992). International human rights and cultural relativism. In R.P. Claude & B.H. Weston (Eds.), Human rights in the world community: Issues & action (pp. 42-51 ). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Troyna, B. (1987). Beyond multiculturalism: towards the enactment of anti-racist education in policy, provision and pedagogy. Oxford Review of Education, 13(3), 307-320.
Vertovec, S. (1996). Multiculturalism, culturalism and public incorporation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 19(1), 49-69.
Walker, B. (1997). Plural cultures, contested territories: A critique of Kymlicka. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 30(2), 213-234.
Walzer, M. (1995). Comment. In A. Gutmann (Ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the politics of recognition (pp. 99-103). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Watkins, W.H. (1994). Multicultural education: Toward a historical and political inquiry. Educational Theory, 44(1), 99-117.
Wax, M.L. (1993). How culture misdirects multiculturalism. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 24(2), 99-115.
Yamauchi, M. (1996). Minzoku mondai nyumon [Introduction to Ethnic Problems]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Sha.
Young, L.M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Young, J.C. (1984). Education in multicultural society: What sort of education? What sort of society? In J.R. Mallea & J.C. Young (Eds.), Cultural diversity and Canadian education: Issues and innovations (pp. 412-430). Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press.
Diterbitkan
2023-09-30
Bentuk Sitasi
Purwanto, Purwanto. MODELING: Jurnal Program Studi PGMI 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 931-958. Accessed February 17, 2025. https://jurnal.stitnualhikmah.ac.id/index.php/modeling/article/view/2485.
Section
Articles